Diabetes in childhood

About 29,000 children in the UK are living with type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune condition in which the pancreas stops producing insulin.1

A small but growing number of children have type 2 diabetes, which is linked to obesity and often develops more quickly and aggressively than in adults.2

What happens when a child is diagnosed with diabetes?

Once diagnosed, all children with diabetes and their families should receive ongoing support, treatment and advice from a specialist care team. They’ll also have an individual health care plan (IHP) that can be shared with teachers and carers.3

Being diagnosed with diabetes is life-changing for children and their families, so emotional support should be available to help cope with challenges and setbacks.

Read more about physical and emotional wellbeing

child sleeping with sensor

What’s the treatment for diabetes in children?^

Treatment for type 1

All children with type 1 diabetes need insulin to help control their glucose levels. They can take insulin by:4

  • Two daily injections combining short- and intermediate-acting insulin
  • Multiple daily injections using long- or intermediate-acting insulin once or twice a day, plus short-acting insulin at each meal
  • A mixed approach: one injection of mixed insulin in the morning, a short-acting insulin before lunch, and a long- or intermediate-acting insulin in the evening
  • An insulin pump that releases a continuous supply of insulin under the skin.

Each method has pros and cons, and every child with diabetes is an individual, so deciding which option to go for should take their lifestyle and preferences into account.4

Treatment for type 2^

Treatment for children with type 2 diabetes usually starts with healthy eating, exercise, supervised weight loss and medication such as metformin.5

How can children measure their glucose levels?

To keep track of glucose levels at home and school, your child will need to learn how to test their glucose. There are a few different ways they can do this:

  • Blood glucose monitoring (BGM)

    Measuring glucose levels in the blood involves pricking the finger using a lancing device, transferring the blood onto a test strip and then inserting it into a blood glucose meter. The meter will then measure the levels of glucose in the blood sample.

  • Sensor-based glucose monitoring

    Continuous glucose monitoring devices (CGM) like the FreeStyle Libre systems *  use a small, discreet sensor to continuously monitor the glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. Your child** can see their glucose level automatically using the LibreLink app or Libre 3 app on a compatible smartphone.

Your diabetes care team will advise on which method of glucose testing is likely to be best for your child, and will help your child and you learn how to carry out tests safely and accurately. Children with type 1 diabetes are recommended to test their glucose at least five times a day and more often if they’re ill or when they’re exercising.6

child with sensor, wearing a helmet and holding a skateboard, checking his phone

What’s a healthy diet for children with diabetes?

All children need a healthy, balanced diet to help them grow and develop. Children with diabetes, type 1 or type 2, are no different, and the essentials of a diabetes diet and a healthy diet are the same:7

  • Plenty of vegetables and fruit (at least five portions a day)

  • Carbohydrates, choosing high-fibre varieties and those with a low glycaemic index

  • Dairy products or non-dairy equivalents, choosing low-fat, low-sugar varieties

  • Protein foods (pulses, beans, eggs, fish, meat or vegetable proteins)

  • Small amounts of ‘healthy’ unsaturated fats such as rapeseed or vegetable oil

  • Plenty of low-calorie drinks

Woman and daughter with sensor baking in the kitchen Woman and daughter with sensor baking in the kitchen Woman and daughter with sensor baking in the kitchen

Children who treat their diabetes with insulin will need to balance the carbohydrates they eat with their insulin regime.8 Your diabetes care team might suggest a course for the family to learn about counting carbohydrates in foods and drinks and how they affect glucose levels.8

For children with type 2 diabetes, healthy eating is an important part of treatment as it can help weight loss, which in turn can lower glucose levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.9

Can children with diabetes exercise and play sport?

Regular exercise is good for all children, and children with diabetes can take part in all kinds of exercise and sport if they want to.10

Exercise is beneficial to long-term health, but in the short term it can affect glucose levels, increasing the risk of spikes (hyperglycaemia) and lows (hypoglycaemia).10

Testing glucose before and after exercising can help children learn how their body responds to different types of exercise, and spot when they may need an extra snack or to adjust an insulin dose.10

It’s a good idea to involve teachers and sports coaches, so they’re aware of your child’s IHP and how to help them if they need it.10

Child in football gear with sensor on his upper arm, checking his phone Child in football gear with sensor on his upper arm, checking his phone

Tips for exercising safely include:11

  • Keep fast-acting hypo treatment and a carbohydrate snack (e.g. fruit, sandwich, cereal bar) with you.

  • Wear diabetes ID so others can help in an emergency.

  • Record how activity affects your glucose levels and share with your diabetes team.

Read more about exercising with diabetes

School sick days

When your child’s ill, especially if they have a fever, have sickness or diarrhoea or can’t face food, it can be much harder to manage glucose levels safely. It’s important to contact your child’s diabetes care team if you’re unsure what to do.12

Your diabetes care team can help you devise a sick day care plan for your child, which might include a set of ‘sick day guidelines’ to follow, to help your child manage their glucose until they feel better.12

Share data with caregivers

⏱ 3 minutes read

Share your glucose data with friends, family and caregivers with the LibreLinkUp app.§

How to live well with diabetes

6 minutes read

Get familiar with the tools and the resources at your disposal to support your diabetes care with confidence.

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